![]() Mean radiant temperature (MRT) t̄ r is the temperature of an imaginary isothermal black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation as in the actual nonuniform environment.Īmbient temperature t a is the temperature of the air surrounding the occupant. Metal ceiling panel systems are discussed in Chapter 6 of the 2016 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Systems and Equipment. These systems have generally been used in hospital patient rooms. Room thermal conditions are maintained primarily by direct transfer of radiant energy, normally using four-pipe hot and chilled water. These panels can be designed as small units to fit the building module, or they can be arranged as large continuous areas for economy. Metal ceiling panels may be integrated into the central heating and cooling system to provide individual room or zone heating and cooling. When used in combination with other water/air systems, radiant panels provide zone control of temperature and humidity. The central station can be a basic, one-zone, constant-temperature, or constant-volume system, or it can incorporate some or all the features of dual-duct, reheat, multizone, or variable-volume systems. The controlled-temperature surfaces may be in the floor, walls, or ceiling, with temperature maintained by electric resistance or circulation of water or air. They are used more for cooling than for heating (Wilkins and Kosonen 1992). Some radiant panel systems, referred to as hybrid HVAC systems, combine radiant heating and cooling with central air conditioning (Scheatzle 2003). Additional information is available in Chapter 6 of the 2016 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Systems and Equipment. Panel heating and cooling systems are used in residences, office buildings, classrooms, hospital patient rooms, swimming pool areas, repair garages, and in industrial and warehouse applications. ![]() ![]() In these systems, generally more than 50% of the heat transfer between the temperature-controlled surface and other surfaces is by thermal radiation. Embedded hydronic tubing or attached piping in ceilings, walls, or floorsĮlectric heating cable or wire mats in ceilings or floorsĭeep heat, a modified storage system using electric heating cable or embedded hydronic tubing in ceilings or floors ![]()
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